White Rose: The German Anti-Nazi Activists Beheaded in 1943
Across Germany and especially in Munich, the city where they were
most active, people remember and honor, by naming streets, monuments,
even a top literary prize after the Scholl siblings and their bold
protest group White Rose. To many Germans and to many other people
around the world now, they are a symbol of bravery and moral conviction
in the face of immensely powerful oppressors like the Nazi government
of Germany.
They
wouldn’t be complicit, they couldn’t be silent. They called out evil,
brutality, and the blind, deluded fascism of the Third Reich right up
until the moment the guillotine finally ended their cries for reason,
peace, and freedom.
Secretly, a handful of students and one
professor from the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich and a few
other supporters wrote seven leaflets (five distributed by the group,
one after their capture, and one unpublished) stating the horrors of the
Nazi Government and demanding that the German people recognize and to
stop the Nazi terror. The group used bold language to denounce the
government as seen below, “For
through his apathetic behaviour he gives these evil men the opportunity
to act as they do…. he himself is to blame for the fact that it came
about at all! Each man wants to be exonerated ….But he cannot be
exonerated; he is guilty, guilty, guilty!… now that we have recognized
[the Nazis] for what they are, it must be the sole and first duty, the
holiest duty of every German to destroy these beasts” (Source:
wikipedia.org).
This is a quote from the second leaflet written,
printed, and distributed by the White Rose. It shows the intensity with
which they opposed the Nazi regime and their demand that Germans see
beyond the propaganda and see the truth.
An East German stamp from 1961 honoring Hans and Sophie Scholl
The
members of this group were Hans and Sophie Scholl, and Christoph Probst
(the first members to be put on trial and executed), Kurt Huber, Hans
Conrad Leipelt and Alex Schmorell, (who were also executed), Rudi Alt,
Helmut Bauer, Lieselotte Berndl, Heinrich Bollinger, Harald Dohrn,
Manfred Eickemeyer, Hubert Furtwängler, Wilhelm Geyer, Willi Graf,
Heinrich Guter, Falk Harnack, Marie-Luise Jahn, Wolfgang Jaeger, Traute
Lafrenz, Gisela Schertling, Katharina Schüddekopf, Josef Söhngen, and
Jürgen Wittenstein.
They were Catholic, Orthodox, Lutheran,
Buddhist, some inspired by anthroposophy, Eastern philosophies or by the
terror of time spent fighting at Stalingrad. Alexander Schmorell, who
wrote much of the group’s material, was even canonized as a New Martyr
by the Orthodox Church, his holy image depicting a cross and a white
rose in his hand.
Alexander Schmorell depicted as a Martyr
The
first leaflet the group published was the text of a sermon by the
Bishop August von Galen which Hans Scholl had read in 1941 and which
Sophie Scholl had acquired permission to use. The Bishop wrote
scathingly of the Nazis, especially for their practices of euthanasia
for the sake of eugenics and the belief that they were improving the
German race. White Rose published their first piece in the summer of
1942. Over the next year, they published four more leaflets, leaving
them in public phone booths, mailing them to academic colleagues and
sending them to other universities across the country.
Several
group members served on the Eastern front. Graf had seen the Jewish
Ghettos set up by the Nazis in Poland. Schmorell, who spoke fluent
Russian, was able to hear stories from Russians and other Slavs of war
crimes and the inhumane violence of the German Army and Waffen SS. All
these experiences added to the moral conviction of the Group and
explains the fiery rhetoric of their leaflets.
In January 1943, White Rose printed between 6,000 and 9,000 copies of their fifth leaflet. On February 18
th
of that year, Hans and Sophie placed stacks of this literature around
their university just before classes ended. As Sophie pushed a stack
off of a top banister into the open Atrium below, she was spotted by a
janitor. She and Hans were reported and arrested by the Gestapo. A quick
investigation into items on their person and in their home lead to the
arrests of most of the other members.
In a time in Germany where free speech was not a right, when dissent
was forbidden, when Total War was the only acceptable mindset, these
young students and activists knew what they faced.
On February 22
nd,
1943, the Scholls and Probst stood trial in the Volksgericht, in a
“people’s court” for political offenses. It was a show trial to make an
example of them.
They were quickly found guilty and, the very same
day, all three were beheaded by guillotine. They were committed
idealists and true believers until their last.
As the blade dropped, Hans shouted, “let freedom live!”
How
can we expect righteousness to prevail when there is hardly anyone
willing to give himself up individually to a righteous cause. Such a
fine, sunny day, and I have to go, but what does my death matter, if
through us, thousands of people are awakened and stirred to action?
-Sophie Scholl’s last words (source: wikipedia.org)
Schmorell and Professor Huber were beheaded on July 13
th, 1943. Leipelt suffered the same fate on January 29
th,
1945 after being caught distributing the group’s sixth leaflet in
Hamburg. Huber’s wife was sent a bill for 600 marks. The charge was for
“wear of the guillotine.”
Professor Kurt Huber
The
sixth leaflet Leipelt had been distributing had been smuggled out of
Germany after the trials and into the hands of the Allied forces. They
proceeded to airdrop millions of copies over Germany as an anti-Nazi
propaganda campaign preceding their invasion. The Group recognized the
inevitability of a German defeat who saw the increasing power of the
Soviet Union, Britain and America and the limits of Germany’s war
machine.
Through plays, operas, books, films, and the hearts and
minds of the German people, the legacy of White Rose lives on as a great
inspiration. For example, Hans and Sophie Scholl were voted some of the
greatest Germans to have ever lived.
The 2005 film
Sophie School: Die Letzten Tage(the
final days), based on witness interviews and official transcripts, is a
compelling look at the investigation and trials. It is currently on
Youtube.
By Colin Fraser for War History Online
All photos sourced from wikipedia.org
Source.
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